T A B L E     O F    C O N T E N T S
    for
    R E A D I N G S .on.the..O R I G I N S. of..M U S I C
    By Robert Fink
     
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    This book is a compendium of writings on the origin of music spanning a period of research  & publication  from the ‘5o's to the present (2oo3).   The  three  sections below combine a number of printed  works,  each  section  retaining  its  own  page numbers,  along  with  updates  designed  to integrate  all  the  material  into  one  unified  whole.    Information  on  websites  that  continue the discussion and debate can be found in Section II,  p. 36.
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    SECTION I: Overview of Music Origins
     
    The Origin of Music (1980 essay -- based on an earlier 1958 book)........................1
    What is the do re mi scale; Evolution of the scale; The several arts of music;
    The oldest known song; Harmony; Parallels in the music of R. Strauss (2oo1)
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    On the Origin of Music (letter to an internet musicology list, Oct., 1998)..............10a
    Updated Evidence (Selected letters, replies, add'l ideas, quotes 1996-2003)...........11
    Additional Note on Greek Modes; How pervasive are the common scale forms;
    World distribution of common scales.
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    Scales Come from Melodies ..............................................................................15
    Add'l Note on Evolutionary Processes.................................................................15
    An Analogy (graphic regarding the evolution of scale notes)..................................16
    A Further Note on Early Harmony (Role of drone & counterpoint in harmony)......17
    Tonality Favoured (S. Trehub et al tests on infants -- Globe & Mail Sept.1996).....18
    Reviews of first 1970 edition of Origin of Music (then: Universality of Music)....... 18
    Internet awards for Neanderthal Flute Essay..........................................facing p. 18
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    SECTION II: Archaeological Evidence
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    Neanderthal Flute 1997 (Oldest known musical instrument)....................................1
    Uneven holes; Construction of comparative "Model Flute"; Results/Conclusions
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    Appendix (Calculation of probability hole spacings could match diatonic sequence)..9
    Notes & Sources...............................................................................................10
    Correspondence/Debate ...............................................................................11-26
    Many participants, including archaeologists, ethnomusicologists, paleontologists, flautists; including Prof. Trehub ("babies study") and Prof. Bonnie Blackwell, collaborator with Ivan Turk who found Neanderthal flute ("Divje Babe" bone). Discussion continued on internet www.greenwych.ca/fl3debat.htm with more letters from around the world.
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    Media reports on Neanderthal Flute Essay......................................................27-30
      Scientific-American; Science magazine; Globe & Mail; Times of London, &etc.
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    Natural Forces (influencing formation of pentatonic & diatonic scales)...................31
    Simple Home Experiment ("Nature vs. Nurture") ................................................32
    Oldest Known Song(deciphered by Kilmer et al ); Evidence of early harmony)......33
    Reprinted from Archaeologia Musicalis Feb., 1988
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    Update Notes March, 1998 (On Turk information from Slovenia).........................35
    List of Webpages; Comments & "About the author".............................................36
    Ancient Chinese Flutes Crosscurrents (XC) Issue: #188, 1999 ...............Facing p. 36
    Oldest Known Still-Playable Flute -- 9,000 years old.
    Was the Neanderthal flute made by chance bites of animals?
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    Reply Letter to Antiquity Journal -- "A Bone to Pick"..........................................37
    Article in Science News and reply letter..............................................................38
    Crosscurrents (XC) Issue: "d'Errico's Fatal Flaw" --Rebuts "Animal-made" view....39
    "What are the Odds Flute is a Product of Chance?" XC issue #190 April, 2000......41
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    "A Failure to Pay the Piper?" ( XC #193, Winter, 2001):
    Rebuttal to April Nowell /Philip Chase view.........................................Facing p. 42
    Quotes: Museum paleontologists (original length of unbroken bone)........................3
    Excerpts: Nowell/Chase paper: Divje Babe specimen & the Diatonic Scale..............4
    Appendix: Report on Turk et al Taphonomic & other evidence.............................11
    Implications: "Music's origins & Music Aesthetics"-- Universals............................14
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    SECTION III: Conclusions
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    .Stages in the Evolution of Melody, Scales & Harmony........................................1
    Role of Harmony; Conclusions & Summary
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    Further report at 2000 Berlin Conference on the ancient Chinese flutes..................7
    Overall Notes & Bibliography.............................................................................8
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    ON THE ORIGIN OF MUSIC -- ESSAYS & READINGS
     
    By Bob Fink
     
    New Edition: ISBN 0-912424-14-1
    92 pp., illus., colour, limited edition, 9" x 11¼"
    Hardcover: $95.oo
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